Deltoid

Lifting the arm at the shoulder (the deltoid muscle has different parts which flex, extend and abduct the shoulder joint)

Lifting the arms to block in volleyball; upward arm swing when trampolining

Trapezius

Shoulder horizontal extension (moving the arms backwards at shoulder level)

Preparation phase of an overarm throw or badminton smash

Pectorals

Adduction of the shoulder (moving the arm towards the body); Shoulder horizontal flexion (moving the arms forwards in front of the body)

Upwards phase of a press up; rugby player making a tackle

Triceps

Extension of the elbow (straightening the arm)

Shooting and chest passing in netball (execution phase)

Biceps

Flexion of the elbow (bending the arm)

Drawing a bow in archery; 'backscratch' position during tennis serve

Abdominals

Flexion of the spine (sitting upwards)

Performing a sit up or a forward roll

Latissimus dorsi

Adduction of the shoulder (moving the arm down towards the mid-line of the body)

Hitting in hockey – left shoulder during preparation, right shoulder during execution and recovery

Gluteals

Hip extension (moving the femur backwards)

Pulling leg back at the hip before kicking a ball

Quadriceps

Extension of the knee (straightening the leg)

Kicking a ball (execution and recovery phase)

Hamstrings

Flexion of the knee (bending the leg)

Performing a hamstring curl on a weights machine; preparation phase of a rebound jump in basketball

Gastrocnemius

Plantar flexion of the ankle (pointing the toes downwards)

Standing on tiptoe to mark a shot in netball or pointing the toes during a gymnastic or dance move